Unequal Beginnings: Agriculture and Economic Development in Quebec and Ontario Until 1870

By John McCallum

By the time of Confederation Ontario's economic lead over Quebec had been well established. John McCallum shows that the origins of this lead had little to do with the conservatism of the habitants and the church in Quebec, little to do with any anti-industrial bias of the Montreal merchants, and nothing to do with Confederation. Rather the origins lay in the wealth provided by Ontario's superior agricultural land. During much of the first part of the nineteenth century Ontario farmers were more specialized in wheat-growing than the twentieth-century farmers of Saskatchewan, and when the market conditions changed in the 1860s the province was able to use the capital derived from wheat to shift to other lines of production. The Quebec farmers, lacking both the virgin land of Ontario and the growing markets of the northeastern United States, were unable to find profitable substitutes for wheat. As a result, the cash income of the average Ontario farmer was at least triple that of his Quebec counterparts in the years before Confederation, and this enormous difference had profound effects on economic development in other sectors of the economy. In Ontario the growth of towns, transportation facilities, and industry was inextricably linked to the province's strong agricultural base. In Quebec little development occurred outside Montreal and Quebec City. Montreal industrialists did have several advantages; yet Quebec industry could not possibly absorb the province's surplus farm population. Ontario's wheat boom provided the capital which permitted Ontario industry to evolve in the classic fashion; indeed, Ontario wheat may be a rare instance of a staple whose surplus was retained in the producing area. John McCallum's analytical and historical account of economic patterns that persist today makes a solid and original contribution to Canadian economic history.

• Format: Paperback
• Language: English
• ISBN: 0802063624
• ISBN13: 9780802063625
• Release Date: April 1980
• Publisher: University of Toronto Press
• Length: 246 Pages
• Weight: 0.62 lbs.
• Dimensions: 0.4" x 6.2" x 9.3"
• Grade Range: Postsecondary and higher

Customer Reviews

Insightful analysis of Pre-Con Canada's economic growth

A pared down and supposedly simplified version of the author's Ph.D. thesis, this book discusses the economic development of Pre-confederation Ontario and Quebec. Taking into account geographic, geopolitical and sociological aspects of the two provinces, the author shows how it was that Ontario gradually emerged to be the more vibrant and important economic center. But trust me, this is not exactly easy reading; this is the type of book that must be studied to be appreciated. Anyone seeking to do so will be greatly rewarded.