1. Introduction
2. Method and material
3. Initial conceptual clarifications
4. Origins of the requirement of proportionality
5. The purpose of the requirement of proportionality
6. Introduction: Part II
7. Which risks, burdens and potential benefits are relevant?
8. How to estimate risks, burdens, and potential benefits
9. The requirement of proportionality - initial clarifications
10. Therapeutic research
11. Nontherapeutic research
12. Nontherapeutic research on "vulnerable" participants
13. Non-interference with necessary clinical interventions and the no harm rule
14. Especially on randomised clinical trials, including placebo controlled clinical trials
15. Acceptable Risks and Burdens to Others than the Participant
16. Later developments during the course of the research
17. Legal effects of the requirement of proportionality
18. Summary of results
19. Recommendations
20. Perspectives
21. Appendix